In this lesson, students explore winter-themed situations while practicing past modal verbs. The lesson begins with a warm-up discussion about winter travel, followed by a listening activity where students match speakers to winter destinations. Students then study clear rules for past modals and apply them through contextualized tasks, using logical deduction, probability, regret, and lost opportunities.

Learners complete grammar exercises, analyse clues, and interpret evidence in winter scenarios—such as missing objects, strange footprints, and unexpected events. They also read witness statements and decide which explanation must havehappened, building reasoning skills. The speaking section encourages personal discussion using modal perfects, helping students express regret, speculation, and strong conclusions about past events. The lesson ends with creative tasks where students give advice to winter characters using should have and create theories using could have and couldn’t have.

Overall, the lesson integrates grammar practice with engaging winter contexts, critical thinking, and imaginative storytelling to develop B1–B2 accuracy and fluency.